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    • Recurrent miscarriages and repeated implantation failures? Reproductive Centre Doctor: Please pay close attention to chronic endometritis!

    2025-03-08

    Chronic endometritis is a chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, a chronic, benign condition with mild, atypical clinical symptoms that are easily overlooked. Dr chen points out that chronic endometritis is strongly associated with infertility, recurrent miscarriages, and repeated IVF implantation failures. Today, Dr Rona will share and explain about chronic endometritis.　　What is endometritis?　　Endometritis is a common gynaecological disease, mostly in conjunction with inflammation of the body of the uterus, and is divided into acute and chronic endometritis. Acute endometritis is characterised by infiltration of superficial endometrial epithelium and glandular neutrophils and formation of tiny abscesses, while chronic endometritis is characterised by oedema of the endometrial surface, high stromal cell density, asynchronous maturation of the epithelium and mesenchyme, and infiltration of endometrial mesenchymal plasma cells.　　According to statistics, the incidence of chronic endometritis in infertile women can be up to 2.8-46%; in women with repeated implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage, the incidence can even be as high as 67.6% and 56.8% respectively. In the past, chronic endometritis was often overlooked by clinicians and patients due to its mild clinical symptoms and lack of specificity. In recent years, more and more studies have found that chronic endometritis may be associated with repeated implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage, which reduces the pregnancy rate of these women.　　Clinical manifestations of chronic endometritis　　Chronic endometritis often presents with asymptomatic or non-specific clinical features, such as pelvic pain, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, painful intercourse, recurrent cystitis, vaginitis, and mild abdominal discomfort.　　What are the common causes of endometritis?　　(1) Infection by microorganisms　　Under normal circumstances, the endometrium has its own defence function, while endometritis is usually caused by childbirth or destroying the defence function and self-purification of the female reproductive tract, increasing the chances of pathogens infecting the reproductive tract and causing inflammation.　　(2) Related to immune disorders　　When chronic endometritis occurs, some cytokines (such as…

    Why is the number of people with foetal arrest increasing? Preparing to conceive again after a foetal arrest is a matter that must be treated as a priority!

    2025-03-06

    　　On the expectant and apprehensive road of pregnancy preparation and conception, foetal arrest seems to be becoming more and more common, which puts countless prospective parents in pain and confusion. For those who have experienced a foetal arrest and are planning to get pregnant again through IVF, there is one thing that needs extra attention and priority. Today, let’s discuss in depth why more and more people are experiencing foetal termination, and what is the key thing to do when trying IVF again after foetal termination.　　First, the phenomenon of foetal termination is increasing, the reasons behind it are thought-provoking　　(A) Lifestyle changes – burying hidden dangers　　The fast pace of modern life, many people’s lifestyles have become more and more unhealthy, and this is precisely what led to the increase in the number of foetal termination of an important ‘black hand’ ah.　　Staying up late has almost become a normal part of many people’s lives, whether it’s working overtime, catching up on dramas or brushing their mobile phones, the night is always filled with various activities. Long-term stay up late will seriously disrupt the body’s biological clock, which in turn affects the normal operation of the endocrine system, such as estrogen, progesterone, the hormone secretion of these vital to maintaining pregnancy will become disordered. Hormone imbalance, the embryo’s growth and development environment will be unstable, naturally prone to foetal arrest. 　　Diet also does not look good, high sugar, high oil, high salt ‘three high’ food is very popular, fresh fruits and vegetables, food rich in high quality protein intake is relatively insufficient. Such an unbalanced dietary structure can easily lead to obesity, abnormal blood sugar and lipid metabolism and other problems, which in turn will further affect the body’s endocrine and blood circulation, adversely affecting the development of the embryo and increasing the…

    Can IVF avoid birth defects?

    2025-03-06

    Birth defects are a major concern for many prospective parents during the process of preparing for and giving birth to a child. With the development of IVF technology, many people expect to reduce the risk of birth defects through this assisted reproductive technology. So, can IVF really avoid birth defects?　　I. Advantages of IVF technology in reducing birth defects　　1. The core of the third generation of IVF – Pre-implantation Genetic Testing (PGT) technology　　This is an important tool used in IVF to screen the genetic material of embryos. PGT technology includes PGT – A (Aneuploidy Screening), PGT – M (Monogenic Disease Detection) and PGT – SR (Chromosomal Rearrangement Detection).　　PGT – A: It is mainly used to test whether the chromosome number of the embryo is normal. During natural conception, chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are an important cause of early miscarriage and birth defects. With PGT-A, all 23 pairs of chromosomes in an embryo can be screened and those with a normal number of chromosomes can be selected for transfer. For example, as the quality of eggs of women of advanced maternal age decreases and the probability of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos is higher, PGT – A technology can effectively reduce birth defects such as Down’s Syndrome caused by abnormal chromosome numbers. 　　PGT – M: For known single-gene genetic diseases, such as thalassaemia and cystic fibrosis. If both husband and wife carry the causative gene of a certain single-gene genetic disease, PGT – M can detect whether they carry the causative gene at the embryo stage, so that healthy embryos without the causative gene can be selected for implantation, thus fundamentally avoiding the emergence of this type of single-gene genetic disease in the offspring.　　PGT – SR: It is used to detect the presence of chromosomal structural abnormalities, such as chromosomal balanced translocations and…

    Can IVF solve the problem of ovarian decline? What kind of conditioning should be done before doing IVF?

    2025-03-06

    　　In the field of assisted reproduction, the three-generation IVF technique has attracted a lot of attention and many couples facing ovarian recession have pinned their hopes on it. At the same time, physical conditioning before IVF is also crucial, as it can lay a solid foundation for successful conception.　　I. IVF and Ovarian Deterioration　　1. Principles and advantages of three-generation IVF technology　　Three-generation IVF technology mainly includes pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT), which is divided into PGT – A (aneuploidy screening), PGT – M (monogenic disease detection) and PGT – SR (chromosome structural rearrangement detection). The core advantage of this technology is the ability to test the genetic material of embryos and screen for embryos that are chromosomally normal or do not carry specific disease-causing genes for transfer.　　Triple IVF plays a huge role in the prevention of genetic diseases. For example, for some couples who are known to carry the causative genes of monogenic genetic diseases (e.g. Thalassaemia, Cystic Fibrosis, etc.), the transmission of the causative genes to the next generation can be avoided through the PGT – M technique. 　　2. Limited effect on the problem of ovarian decline　　However, PGT-M does not directly address the problem of ovarian decline. Ovarian decline mainly manifests itself in the form of decreased ovarian reserve function, reduced number and quality of eggs. Although 3G IVF can screen for high quality embryos at the embryo stage, it cannot change the physiological state of the ovaries themselves to increase the number of eggs or fundamentally improve the quality of the eggs.　　For example, a woman with declining ovaries already has a small number of primordial follicles in her ovaries and may only be able to obtain a small number of eggs during ovulation stimulation. The three-generation IVF can only screen embryos after the fertilisation of these limited eggs, but it cannot…

    Infertility 90 per cent have this problem! 4 misunderstandings and 3 key points of treatment, must get!

    2025-03-06

    　Infertility has become an unspeakable pain for many couples on the long road to pregnancy. Did you know? In fact, about 90% of infertility cases have a common problem, that is, ovulation disorder. However, many people have misconceptions about ovulation disorders and tend to overlook some key points in the treatment process. Today, let’s talk about these things related to ovulation disorders to help you clear the fog and find the right direction.　　First, what is ovulation disorder?　　Ovulation disorder, simply put, is a woman’s ovaries can not normally discharge eggs, or the quality of the eggs discharged is not good, and can not be successfully combined with the sperm to form a fertilised egg, thus affecting conception. It can be caused by a variety of reasons, such as dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, hyperprolactinaemia, and so on. It can be said that ovulation disorders are like a ‘barrier’ on the road to pregnancy, blocking many couples’ path to parenthood. 　　The 4 myths about ovulation disorder　　Myth 1: Normal menstruation must have normal ovulation　　Many women think that as long as they have regular menstrual periods, they will definitely be able to ovulate normally, and there is no problem of ovulation disorder. But in fact, normal menstruation is not the same as normal ovulation! Some women have regular periods, but they may have anovulatory menstruation, which means that the ovaries are only thickening and shedding their lining periodically, but they are not actually discharging eggs. For example, some patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have seemingly normal menstrual cycles, but ultrasound monitoring of follicular development and ovulation will reveal that there are no mature eggs to be discharged, which is typical of ovulation disorders that are ‘hidden’ under the appearance of seemingly normal menstruation.　　Myth 2: Ovulation is not a…

    What is the AMH level below which IVF requires donor eggs? Is IVF egg donor safe in Georgia?

    2025-03-06

    　　In the complex world of IVF, AMH (Anti-Mullerian Hormone) numbers and egg donor related issues are of great concern. Today, let’s talk in detail about how low AMH is and how much IVF may need to consider egg supply, as well as the safety of Georgia’s three generations of IVF egg supply, in the hope of answering questions and solving puzzles for those who have related questions. 　　First, the association between AMH and egg donation　　AMH is a hormone secreted by the granulosa cells of small ovarian follicles, which can reflect the ovarian reserve function more accurately. To put it simply, a higher AMH value means that the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries is relatively higher, the better the ovarian reserve function is, and the greater the chance for a woman to conceive naturally or to obtain eggs through assisted reproduction techniques such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to have a baby.　　Ovarian Reserve at Different AMH Numbers　　Generally speaking, the normal reference range of AMH for women of different ages varies. In young women (e.g. around 30 years old), the AMH value is usually around 2 – 6ng/ml; with age, the ovarian reserve function gradually decreases, and the AMH value will also decrease accordingly.　　When the AMH value is below 1ng/ml, the ovarian reserve function has been significantly reduced and the number of eggs becomes scarce. When the AMH value is lower than 0.5ng/ml, the number of follicles that can be collected in the ovary is extremely low, and it is extremely difficult to obtain one’s own eggs for use in IVF and achieve a successful pregnancy. In this case, the doctor may suggest considering IVF with donor eggs according to the patient’s specific wishes, physical condition and other factors.　　However, this is not an absolute standard. There are women who have…

    IVF operations are not designed to produce a boy

    2025-03-05

    During the IVF process, many people wonder if operations like preferential sperm selection, growing blastocysts, and selecting embryos are done to increase the chances of having a boy. The answer is no.　　Sperm Selection for High Fertilisation Rate, Not Sex Selection 　　In an IVF cycle, sperm selection is done to select mature, morphologically normal and active sperm with fertilisation potential for in vitro fertilisation. This significantly improves the fertilisation rate, increases the embryo acquisition rate and improves the quality of the embryos. Although the chromosome carried by the sperm determines the sex of the embryo, it is not possible to tell in advance whether the sperm carries an X chromosome or a Y chromosome, so it is not possible to screen the sperm to achieve the goal of having a boy.　　Cultivation of blastocysts to improve pregnancy and live birth rates　　Fertilised eggs formed by in vitro fertilisation are further cultured in the laboratory to form early embryos. On the third day of culture, the embryo is cleavage and on the fifth day, the embryo is blastocyst. There are numerous advantages of culturing blastocysts; they have a low rate of chromosomal abnormalities, high developmental potential, more physiological timing of implantation, higher pregnancy and live birth rates, and a reduced risk of multiple pregnancies and ectopic pregnancies. Although there is a saying that transferring blastocysts gives birth to a higher percentage of boys than girls, there is no scientific basis for this, and the breeding of blastocysts is only for the purpose of increasing the pregnancy rate and live birth rate, and is not used for gender selection.　　Embryo Selection for Embryo Transfer, Picking High Quality Embryos to Enhance Success Rate　　Embryo selection is the process of rating the development of embryos during the embryo culture process and selecting the higher rated quality embryos for transfer….

    Endocrine Disorders Associated with Recurrent Miscarriage: Insights and Management

    2025-03-05

    　For expectant mothers worldwide, pregnancy is a journey filled with hope, but certain endocrine disorders can heighten the risk of miscarriage. These conditions disrupt hormonal balance and reproductive health, requiring targeted clinical and lifestyle interventions. Below, we explore six endocrine disorders linked to recurrent pregnancy loss and evidence-based strategies to mitigate risks. ​I. Endocrine Disorders Linked to Miscarriage　　​Hypothyroidism　　Hypothyroidism reduces metabolic efficiency, leading to fatigue, weight gain, and dry skin. During early pregnancy, the fetus relies entirely on maternal thyroid hormones. Insufficient thyroid function increases miscarriage risk due to impaired fetal development. Proper thyroid hormone replacement therapy is critical for maintaining pregnancy.　　​Hyperprolactinemia　　Elevated prolactin levels disrupt gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses, suppressing ovulation and corpus luteum function. This hormonal imbalance compromises progesterone production, essential for sustaining early pregnancy. Medications like dopamine agonists (e.g., cabergoline) can normalize prolactin levels and improve outcomes.　　​Diabetes Mellitus　　Poor glycemic control in diabetes is associated with miscarriage, fetal malformations, and placental dysfunction. Insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia induce oxidative stress and inflammation, damaging embryonic cells. Preconception glycemic optimization—through insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemics—is vital to reduce risks.　　​Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)　　PCOS, marked by hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, contributes to recurrent miscarriage through multiple mechanisms:　　​Obesity and insulin resistance impair endometrial receptivity and promote hypercoagulability.　　​Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) increases thrombosis risk, disrupting placental blood flow.　　​Hyperandrogenism alters follicular development and ovarian function.　　Treatments include metformin (to improve insulin sensitivity), ovulation induction, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF.　　​Luteal Phase Defect (LPD)　　LPD involves inadequate progesterone secretion post-ovulation, leading to poor endometrial thickening and implantation failure. It is common in women with irregular cycles or diminished ovarian reserve. Progesterone supplementation during the luteal phase can stabilize the endometrium and support early pregnancy.　　​Endometriosis　　Endometriosis triggers progesterone resistance and chronic inflammation, reducing endometrial receptivity. Pelvic adhesions and tubal blockages further elevate miscarriage risks. Studies show no significant increase in…

    The real key to improving egg quality!

    2025-02-28

    　The question of how to increase and improve egg quality faster in a short period of time has always been the most important concern of all our pregnant sisters. You may have taken a lot of nutritional supplements, and even Chinese and Western medicines, but how can you scientifically and systematically improve the quality of your eggs? Is it possible to improve?　　In fact, to improve the quality of eggs, the dark horse is not biochemical methods or exercise, really behind the scenes to play a major role in the mitochondria! 　　What are mitochondria?　　Mitochondria is an important double membrane structure of the cell organelle, its diameter is about 0.5-1.0 microns. Mitochondria have been compared to the cell’s ‘energy factory’, because it is the main place of aerobic respiration, can convert nutrients into energy for cell use. Its main function is to produce ATP for cellular energy supply, known as the cell’s ‘power plant’, but also in the cell metabolism, calcium homeostasis, fatty acid oxidation and apoptosis also play an important role in the process, is one of the indispensable organelles to maintain the health of the organism.　　Where do mitochondria come from?　　Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited, i.e., a mother passes on mtDNA to all her children, but only her daughters pass on their mtDNA to the next generation. That’s right, this is the only living tie between every human being and their mother.　　In other words, all your mitochondria came from your mum, who got her mitochondria from your grandmother, and your dad’s mitochondria came from your grandmother, but your grandmother’s mitochondria can’t continue to be passed on to you once they reach your dad. Everyone’s mitochondria come from their mother.　　In fact, in the field of genetic diseases, there is a very small percentage of genetic diseases called mitochondrial genetic diseases. These…

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